The Iran-Contra Scandal: The Declassified History provides the 101 most important documents on the policy decisions, covert operations, and subsequent cover-up that created the most serious constitutional crisis of modern times. To enhance this documentat ion, the editors provide contextual overviews of the complex components of the In the spring of 1954, the French Expeditionary Forces established a garrison at Dien Bien Phu and prepared for a decisive battle. The "high ground" around the garrison was, however, occupied by the nationalist-communist forces. What followed was a 60-day battle in which the French forces were decimated. During the course of this battle, the French appealed to the United States for military intervention. President Eisenhower, after consultation with his advisors and congressional leaders, refused. Eisenhower believed that U.S. intervention would be "the wrong war, the wrong time, and the wrong place." The U.S., to that time, had been making substantial monetary contributions to the French effort. The French forces ultimately surrendered and the battle of Dien Bien Phu effectively ended the French presence in Vietnam.
The Geneva Conference
July 1954
In July of 1954, a conference was convened in Geneva in an attempt to resolve the problems in Indochina. Although an agreement was reached, its provisions were quickly violated and the plan never came to fruition. The agreement reached on the 20th and 21st of July included:
(1) the nation of Vietnam was guaranteed its independence
(2) national elections, under international supervision, would be held
two years hence (July 1956)
(3) in the interim period, Vietnam would be divided at the 17th Parallel
(just to the north of Hue on the map). Control of the north would
be held by the Viet Minh forces led by Ho Chi Minh while control in the
South would be held by forces who had fought with the French.
The United States disapproved of the agreement, did not sign the accord, and announced that it felt no obligation to abide by it. Instead, in September 1954, the United States became, along with Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand,
Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand, a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). This alliance was designed to resist the spread of communism in southeast Asia.
Two Vietnams
Thereafter, the situation evolved such that there were two Vietnams. The north defined itself as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. It became a communist regime led by Ho Chi Minh with its capital in Hanoi. The "southern" nation was called the Republic of Vietnam. It established its capital in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) and was led by the French-educated Catholic, Ngo Dinh Diem. South Vietnam quickly became an ally of the United States and Diem was "our man" in Vietnam.Iran-Contra operations as well as glossaries of the key Ngo Dinh Diem with President Eisenhower %26amp; Secretary of State Dulles
The rationale developed by the Eisenhower Administration to explain its economic and military support of South Vietnam became known as the "domino theory." Likening the countries of southeast Asia as a row of dominos, the President argued that if one country fell, it would trigger the fall of others (like a row of dominos). In The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked (Brookings Institution, 1969), Leslie Gelb and Richard Betts point to the rise of a decision rule within the Eisenhower and subsequent administrations: "Do what was necessary to avoid losing South Vietnam by force." The history of the war is, in part, the growing economic, political, and human costs of "what was necessary" to prevent this domino from falling.
The Kennedy Years
1961-1963
The threat to the South Vietnamese regime was threefold. First, and most obviously, North Vietnam had designs on the South. The objective of Ho Chi Minh was to unify the country under a nationalist and communist regime. The second was the indigenous movement within South Vietnam known as the National Liberation Front. The Viet Cong, as they came to be called, operated throughout the south and particularly in the countryside among the peasants. They were indistinguishable from normal South Vietnamese citizens, employed unconventional guerilla tactics, and fed off the political opposition to the Diem regime. The third problem was Diem and his family. His brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, headed the security forces of South Vietnam and operated in a repressive and cruel manner. His outspoken wife, Madame Nhu, added to the controversy.
U.S. policy from 1961-1963 focused on the countryside and the effort to counter Viet Cong inroads and build support for the regime. To this end, the Kennedy Administration emphasized "counterinsurgency warfare." It relied upon U.S. special forces to advise the SoutHelp me god, Every day after school i see the same black van, i see a flash and it drives away.?
FREE POINTS!@!!@
whaaaaa.... WHAAAAT????Help me god, Every day after school i see the same black van, i see a flash and it drives away.?
your possessed
what?Help me god, Every day after school i see the same black van, i see a flash and it drives away.?
wtf....? ok soo uhhm if this is still about the van.....tell ur parents or somethingg!
Hi:
Where you typing your School report?
As for the van it can mean three things :
1) Somebody is stalking you ( 90% of the time)
Action: try to get the van License Number and report to the Police and Campus or School security. and Let them deal with it
2) Some girl is too sly to talk to you. but want too ( 9%) possiblablitily )
Do Action # 1
3) your school report - Pevied some school or government officall off and some how got on there keep an eye on list ( 1 %)
Action Do be more carefull of what you say or write don't need you disappearing here.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment